护士在减少健康错误信息方面发挥着关键作用

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On July 15, 2021, the U.S. Surgeon General issued an urgent plea for all Americans to take part in slowing a serious threat to public health. He wasn't talking about the COVID-19 pandemic but rather the harmful effects on personal and public health caused by the infodemic – the creation and spread of an excessive amount of unreliable and false health information.

An article from the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing (Penn Nursing) just published online in the American Nurse Journal explains how misinformation was accelerated during the pandemic and how social media platforms (SMPs) amplified the problem. The article "Preventing the Spread of Misinformation – A Role for All Nurses" shares the critical role nurses play in reducing health misinformation harm and helping patients, families, and communities access credible, trusted sources. It also further elaborates on how nurses can identify credible information when interacting with SMPs.

Nurses and consumers must develop skills to evaluate information critically. A study examining the impact of trust in science found that people with high trust in science were more likely to believe and disseminate misinformation about COVID-19 and genetically modified organisms in the presence of a scientific reference compared to false claims without scientific references. These findings underscore the importance of critically evaluating information, even from trusted sources."

Antonia M. Villarruel, PhD, RN, FAAN, Article Lead Author, Professor and Margaret Bond Simon Dean of Nursing at Penn Nursing

"Misinformation has accelerated during the pandemic, resulting in what the World Health Organization (WHO) calls an infodemic. The effects include confusion and support for behaviors that can harm health, lead to mistrust in science, and ultimately undermine the public health response to the pandemic," says Richard James, MSLIS, nursing liaison librarian at Penn Nursing and coauthor of the article.

The article is based on a perspectives paper Villarruel coauthored for the National Academy of Medicine titled "Identifying Credible Sources of Health Information in Social Media: Principles and Attributes." It also uses research from Dolores Albarracín, Ph.D., Alexandra Heyman Nash Penn Integrates

Knowledge University Professor. Her research was published in an article titled "Misplaced Trust: When Trust in Science Fosters Belief in Pseudoscience and the Benefits of Critical Evaluation" in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

Prioritizing science communication and public engagement

Patients and families trust nurses to identify, recommend, and affirm credible sources of information. Nurses must ensure that patients have access to credible information, which can be defined simply as that which is consistent with the best scientific evidence available at the time.

To combat misinformation, nurses need to create an environment of trust by demonstrating empathy and curiosity, which encourages patients and families to share concerns and ask questions. The article recommends these steps:

• Proactively engage with patients and the public about health information. Acknowledge how difficult it is to know what information is trustworthy. Ask patients where they get their information and why they trust that source. Provide alternate and accurate sources of information. When correcting misinformation, be non-judgmental.

• Use technology and media platforms to share accurate health information with the public. Provide broadly accessible information via various platforms. Consider when and how you can best use your voice to promote credible, evidence-based health information.

• Partner with community groups and local organizations to prevent and address health misinformation. Use opportunities to partner with your community faith organizations, school, work, and social circles to provide and clarify information about COVID-19. Use and share the national and local resources available from the NIH Community Engagement Alliance at covid19community.nih.gov.

COVID-19 has demonstrated the need to prioritize science communication and public engagement at every level of society. Nurses understand that facilitating education and public access to health information provides pre-exposure prophylaxis against misinformation.

"As we all know, prevention is better than cure. Treating people for the harms of the infodemic is both difficult and uncertain, but nurses have access to a wealth of tools, principles, and approaches for ensuring that patients and communities receive evidence-based, up-to-date, and credible health information," says Villarruel. "The COVID-19 pandemic and related infodemic are calling us all to act in our professional and personal lives. How will you answer the call?"

全文翻译（仅供参考）

       2021 年 7 月 15 日，美国外科医生紧急呼吁所有美国人参与减缓对公共健康的严重威胁。他不是在谈论 COVID-19 大流行，而是在谈论信息流行病对个人和公共健康造成的有害影响——制造和传播大量不可靠和虚假的健康信息。

       宾夕法尼亚大学护理学院 (Penn Nursing) 刚刚在线发表在《美国护士杂志》上的一篇文章解释了在大流行期间错误信息是如何加速的，以及社交媒体平台 (SMP) 如何放大了这个问题。“防止错误信息的传播——所有护士的角色”一文分享了护士在减少健康错误信息危害和帮助患者、家庭和社区获得可信、可信赖的资源方面发挥的关键作用。它还进一步阐述了护士在与 SMP 互动时如何识别可信信息。

       护士和消费者必须培养批判性评估信息的技能。一项研究对科学信任的影响的研究发现，与没有科学参考的虚假声明相比，对科学高度信任的人在有科学参考的情况下更有可能相信和传播有关 COVID-19 和转基因生物的错误信息。这些发现强调了批判性评估信息的重要性，即使是来自可信来源。”

       Antonia M. Villarruel，博士，注册护士，FAAN，文章主要作者，教授和 Margaret Bond Simon Penn Nursing 护理学院院长

     “在大流行期间，错误信息加速了，导致了世界卫生组织 (WHO) 所谓的信息流行病。其影响包括混淆和支持可能损害健康的行为，导致对科学的不信任，并最终破坏公共卫生对疫情的反应。大流行”，MSLIS 的 Richard James 说，他是 Penn Nursing 的护理联络图书馆员，也是该文章的合著者。

       这篇文章基于 Villarruel 与美国国家医学院合着的一篇观点论文，题为“识别社交媒体中健康信息的可靠来源：原则和属性”。它还使用了 Dolores Albarracín 博士、Alexandra Heyman Nash Penn Integrates 的研究

       知识大学教授。她的研究发表在《实验社会心理学杂志》上一篇题为“错位的信任：当对科学的信任培养了对伪科学的信念和批判性评估的好处”的文章中。

优先考虑科学传播和公众参与

       患者和家属相信护士能够识别、推荐和确认可靠的信息来源。护士必须确保患者能够获得可靠的信息，这些信息可以简单地定义为与当时可用的最佳科学证据相一致的信息。

       为了打击错误信息，护士需要通过表现出同理心和好奇心来创造一个信任的环境，鼓励患者和家属分享疑虑并提出问题。本文推荐以下步骤：

• 主动与患者和公众就健康信息进行交流。承认知道哪些信息是可信的是多么困难。询问患者他们从哪里获得信息以及为什么他们信任该来源。提供替代和准确的信息来源。在纠正错误信息时，不要评判。

• 利用技术和媒体平台与公众分享准确的健康信息。通过各种平台提供广泛可访问的信息。考虑何时以及如何最好地利用自己的声音来宣传可信的、基于证据的健康信息。

• 与社区团体和当地组织合作，预防和解决健康错误信息。利用机会与您的社区信仰组织、学校、工作和社交圈合作，提供和澄清有关 COVID-19 的信息。在 covid19community.nih.gov 上使用和分享 NIH 社区参与联盟提供的国家和地方资源。

COVID-19 已证明需要优先考虑社会各个层面的科学传播和公众参与。护士明白，促进教育和公众获取健康信息可提供对错误信息的暴露前预防。

     “众所周知，预防胜于治疗。为人们治疗信息流行病的危害既困难又不确定，但护士可以获得大量工具、原则和方法，以确保患者和社区获得基于证据的、最新和可信的健康信息，”Villarruel 说。“COVID-19 大流行和相关的信息流行病正在呼吁我们所有人在我们的职业和个人生活中采取行动。您将如何接听电话？”

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