对于病情较轻、循环功能稳定且未合并器官功能损伤患者可以酌情考虑手术结束后直接进入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU),待患者拔除气管导管后,病情稳定再转入ICU。
李金宝 梅伟 徐桂萍 张良成(执笔人) 陈骏萍 刘菊英 刘克玄 罗艳 马汉祥 欧阳文 戚思华 秦再生 吴安石 王东信 于泳浩 田毅 刘雅 马璐璐 王锷 喻田 方向明(负责人)
1.脏器功能损伤评估
表2ARDS柏林诊断标准
项目 | 内容 |
发病时间 | 临床损伤发生后7 d内起病 |
胸片 | 双肺浸润性阴影,不能用积液、肺不张或者结节完全解释 |
肺水肿原因 | 呼吸衰竭不能用心力衰竭和液体过度负荷完全解释,必要时需要通过心脏超声等检查进行鉴别诊断 |
氧合指数 | |
轻度 | 200 mmHg﹤PaO2/FiO2≤300 mmHg(PEEP≥5 mmHg或CPAP≥5 mmHg) |
中度 | 100 mmHg﹤PaO2/FiO2≤200 mmHg(PEEP≥5 mmHg) |
重度 | PaO2/FiO2≤100 mmHg(PEEP≥5 mmHg) |
表3腹内高压和ACS的危险因素
危险因素 | 原因 |
腹壁顺应性降低 | 腹部手术 |
大量创伤 | |
大量烧伤 | |
腹内空腔脏器内容物增加 | 胃轻瘫、胃胀、梗阻 |
肠梗阻 | |
结肠假性肠梗阻 | |
肠扭转 | |
腹腔内容物增加 | 急性胰腺炎 |
腹胀 | |
腹腔积血/气腹或腹腔内积液 | |
腹腔内感染/脓肿 | |
腹腔内或腹膜后肿瘤 | |
腹腔镜检查气压过高 | |
肝功能障碍/肝硬化伴腹水 | |
腹膜透析 | |
毛细血管渗漏/液体过度复苏 | 酸中毒 |
损伤控制剖腹术 | |
低体温 | |
急性生理和慢性健康评分Ⅱ或序贯器官衰竭评分升高 | |
大量液体治疗 | |
大量输血 | |
其他因素 | 年龄、菌血症、凝血性疾病、巨大切口疝修复、机械通气、肥胖或BMI增加、PEEP>10 mmHg、腹膜炎、肺炎、脓毒症、休克或低血压 |
2. 既往病史
3. 感染灶筛查和处理
4. 转运与交接
1. 麻醉方式
2. 麻醉药物
3. 麻醉监测
4. 循环管理
5. 呼吸管理
6. 免疫调理
对于病情较轻、循环功能稳定且未合并器官功能损伤患者可以酌情考虑手术结束后直接进入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU),待患者拔除气管导管后,病情稳定再转入ICU。对于术前合并严重慢性系统性疾病、呼吸和/或循环功能不稳定以及合并其他重要脏器功能损伤的患者,手术结束后即刻转入ICU治疗。自SCCM、 ESICM和国际全身性感染论坛(ISF)根据大规模临床试验的结果于2004年制定指南以来,分别于2008年、2012年和2016年根据后续研究成果,采纳新的循证医学证据,对2004年指南进行了修订。本共识的重点关注脓毒症患者围术期麻醉相关处理原则,对于脓毒症术后转入ICU治疗方案,专家组建议脓毒症围术期ICU内治疗参考2016年制定的“国际脓毒症和脓毒症休克治疗指南” [2]。
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