关注|从越野跑失温伤亡事件,谈谈麻醉后低体温的危害
本文由“拾遗知海”授权转载
造成这些选手死亡的主要原因是失温症又称低体温症,描述当人体核心温度低于35.0℃时的现象(人体的正常体温是36℃~37℃),见图1。
▲图1 失温症状(图源:网络)
失温症根据其严重程度分为轻、中、重三期。
第一期(轻度失温):体温降至32℃~35℃。第二期(中度失温):体温降至28℃~32℃。第三期(重度失温):体温降至大约28℃以下。
这些都是发生在清醒成年人。这期我们来聊聊术中即被麻醉后患者低体温问题。
术中低体温
原因
▲图2 全麻过程中低温发展的三个阶段
注:全身麻醉过程中的体温过低会以特征性模式发展。核心温度的最初快速下降是由于身体热量从核心到外围重新分布而引起的。随后是核心温度缓慢线性下降,这仅是由于热量损失超过热量产生而造成的。最终,核心温度稳定,随后几乎保持不变。这个平稳阶段可能是被动的热稳态,也可能是当足够的体温过低触发温度调节性血管收缩时产生的。。
▲图3 全身麻醉后热量从核心区流向外周
注:全身麻醉诱导后,热量从核心区域流向外周。类似的热量再分配是神经轴麻醉最初一小时内体温过低的主要原因,尽管在这些情况下,热流只限于腿部。
▲图4 手术过程中主要的热损失源:辐射和对流
注:手术期间热量损失的主要来源是辐射和对流,皮肤表面的蒸发和传导作用很小。手术切口内蒸发的贡献仍不清楚。
●一旦病人的体温低到足以激活体温调节血管收缩的程度(通常在全身麻醉期间约为34.5°C),核心温度就会达到一个平稳点,而且无论切口大小或手术时间长短,都不会进一步下降。
如果产热与失热相平衡,则被动过程也可能导致核心温度达到平稳状态。一旦激活,动静脉分流血管收缩有效地将代谢热保留在核心组织中,从而防止核心体温过低进一步降低。但是,周围组织的热损失仍在继续。因此,即使核心温度保持恒定,人体热量也继续减少。
术中低体温
后果
术中低体温
预防和管理
▲图 呼吸气体加热加湿装置
▲图 血管内热交换导管
总之,我们应在麻醉和手术期间应保持常温,监测持续时间超过30分钟的全身麻醉患者体温;在诱导麻醉前进行预热和术中主动对患者加温;应当在患者到达麻醉恢复室(PACU)或重症监护病房(ICU)时测量温度。术后早期温度异常很常见,体温过低会导致潜在的不良后果,应及时治疗。
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