对于这些并发症,后果很严重,完全康复的可能性较小,因此预防大于治疗。
硬膜外麻醉后截瘫:病例分析
对于大部分的非麻醉专业的医务人员和广大患者来说,全麻的风险和影响是最大的,而像腰麻、硬膜外麻醉等都是小麻醉,应该没啥风险,有时候经常会碰到这样的问题:某个患者因为某些原因不能上全麻,有的医生就跑过来和你商量,全麻不能上,要不来个半麻吧,手术很快的,一会就好。有的患者一听说上全麻,脸都变色了,说这么小的手术还要全麻,上个半麻吧,再一看,原来头颈部一个肿块,想上半麻也无从下手呀!关于各种麻醉方式的优劣,本公众号早期有写过几篇小文章,阐述了这些麻醉的特点和优劣,可以参考。
腰麻和硬膜外麻醉也会有顽固和严重的并发症,比如说头痛,比如说截瘫,全脊麻,甚至会危及生命。
今天介绍一例硬膜外麻醉后并发硬膜外血肿和双侧截瘫,从中吸取经验教训,共同为临床麻醉安全保驾护航。
病例来源如下
摘要译文
连续硬膜外导管用于结直肠手术麻醉管理和术后镇痛,并发硬膜外血肿和双侧截瘫1例
????????简介:????????
在腹部大手术中使用硬膜外镇痛(EA)与全身麻醉相结合,对于有严重并存病的患者患者来说,是减少麻醉性镇痛药需求、促进康复和改善疼痛管理的有效方法。
????????病例介绍:????????
本文报告一位81岁女性,因直肠腺癌低位前切除术行胸段硬膜外导管置入术后镇痛,术后出现双侧下肢感觉丧失、鞍部感觉异常、截瘫和尿失禁。病人于术后第三天报告了这些并发症。
????????临床讨论:????????
磁共振成像结果显示在T12-L2椎体水平脊髓处出现硬膜外髓外高信号血肿。椎板切除术治疗神经功能缺损;实施强化住院理疗和康复治疗后,患者恢复了轻度运动功能。
????????结论:????????
我们认为该病人急性局灶性神经功能缺损的罪魁祸首可能是硬膜外置管和术后局麻药注射。在这个病例中,我们建议对长期存在的背部问题或跛行的患者进行胸腰段MRI检查作为术前检查的一部分,考虑对硬膜外血肿的高危患者进行x射线引导置管,以及早期和反复的神经系统检查和快速调查任何轻微的神经功能缺损。
????????关键词:????????
结直肠癌手术;持续硬膜外镇痛;硬膜外麻醉;硬膜外血肿;截瘫;外科病例报告。
????‼经验教训:‼????
对于这些并发症,后果很严重,完全康复的可能性较小,因此预防大于治疗。
⚠术前:注重相关病史和检查
▶️有无凝血障碍病史如牙龈出血,碰撞后淤青等;
▶️有无服用抗凝药病史,如支架术后服用氯吡格雷,阿司匹林等;
▶️有无服用影响凝血的保健品如银杏口服液等;
▶️术前有无胸腰椎外伤手术畸形病史;
▶️有无硬膜外麻醉或腰麻病史,特别是异常病史;
▶️术前完善出凝血功能检查及脊柱的CT、MRI检查等;
▶️完善神经功能检查。
⚠️术中:操作的规范性
▶️定位、穿刺、判断、置管按操作规范操作,
▶️注意动作的轻柔性,切忌暴力,
▶️回抽有血性液体需要退回重新寻找进路,
▶️穿刺时有神经刺激异感时也需要调整
▶️每次注药都需要回抽验证。
⚠️术后:加强随访
▶️术后加强随访和相关检查
▶️早期和反复的神经系统检查
▶️快速调查任何轻微的神经功能缺损。
Continuous epidural catheter for anaesthesiamanagement and post-op pain relief in colorectal surgery, complicated byepidural haematoma and bilateral paraplegia: A case report
Introduction: Utilising epidural analgesia (EA) during major abdominalsurgery in combination with general anaesthetic, is a proven approach todecrease anaesthetic requirement in patients with severe comorbidities, enhancerecovery and improve pain management.
Case presentation: Herein we report a case of an 81-years-oldfemale with bilateral lower limb sensory loss, saddle paraesthesia, paraplegia,and incontinence following a thoracic epidural catheterisation required for lowanterior resection of rectal adenocarcinoma. The complication was reported bythe patient on the third day of post-op.
Clinical discussion: The magnetic resonance imaging results revealedan extradural extramedullary hyperintense haematoma in the spinal cord atT12-L2 vertebral level. The neurological deficit was addressed urgently withlaminectomy; and following implementation of intensive inpatient physiotherapyand rehabilitation regiment the patient restored mild motor function.
Conclusion: We believe the culprit of the acute focal neurology deficits in thispatient could be due to the epidural catheterisation and the post-op localanaesthetic injections. From this case, we anecdotally recommend performingthoracolumbar MRI as part of pre-op workup in patients with long standing backissues or claudication, considering x-ray guided catheterisation in higher riskpatients for epidural hematoma, and early and repeated neurological examinationand rapid investigation for any mild neurological deficits.
Keywords: Colorectal cancer surgery; Continuous epidural analgesia; Epiduralanaesthesia; Epidural haematoma; Paraplegia post-op; Surgical case report.
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